Alternatively, one can group all investors’ wealth following the same strategy into one entity and write market demand as the wealth-weighted average of investment strategies. Indeed, in financial market models, one can write market demand for assets as the wealth-weighted average of investors’ demand. This shift parallels biological models in which the interaction of species and not that of individual organisms are considered. In particular, it would be useful to make investment strategies and not investors the actors in the model. In the seminal Santa Fe Institute working paper “Market Force, Ecology, and Evolution,” Farmer ( 16) argues that financial market models can benefit from reasoning analogous to models of biological evolution. Research in EF was started by the Santa Fe Institute, and the first time the term “evolutionary finance” appears is in one of its publications dating back to 1995. A numerical illustration of the main result is provided. Our method is analytical and based on mathematical reasoning. The model proposed employs only objectively observable market data, in contrast with traditional settings relying upon unobservable investors’ characteristics (utilities and beliefs). The problem is studied in a framework combining stochastic dynamics and evolutionary game theory. Nevertheless, we are able to identify a unique evolutionary stable investment strategy. This might create a positive feedback loop in which more investment in some asset leads to higher dividends which in turn lead to higher investments. The basis of our paper is that dividends are not exogenous but increase with the wealth invested in an asset, as is the case in a production economy. Some strategies survive and some become extinct. Diverse investment strategies compete for the market capital invested in long-lived dividend-paying assets. Financial markets are explored as evolving biological systems. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the epidemiology of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in Italy and to evaluate the economic importance of their control.The paper models evolution in pecunia-in the realm of finance. For this reason, prevention must be aimed at the particular epidemiological situation and not simply adapted from current schemes used abroad. Differences in climate, environmental factors and production tecniques may influence infection prevalence, load and pathogenesis. Although heavy production losses are due to parasitic infections, only 250 papers have been published in the last 50 years in Italy on sheep parasites. It is interesting to note that the Italian word "pecora" (sheep) is believed to have originated from the Latin "pecunia" (money). The ancient roots of this tradition have grown into an important economic reality, with excellent levels of milk production and apporoximately 65 typical cheeses. In Homer's Odyssey, the description of Polifemo's sheep flock organization is remarkably similar to current production systems. Milk production has been a distinguishing characteristic of sheep breeding since antiquity in the Mediterranean area, including Italy, where prehistoric findings confirm this particular husbandry activity.
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